Commercial Law Free Essay Example, 2250 words

Patents refer to an exclusive right granted by the central governments to the creator of an invention to use, produce or sell the invention. Trademarks refer to names, designs, symbol, slogans, word or any other distinctive device that ascertains a product or a business. Also, it involves the use of symbols that are added to goods to distinguish them from similar products of other manufacturers. Patents and trademarks are an industrial intellectual property. The origin of a trademark can be traced to 2000 years ago among the Romans. In that period, Roman used to imprint or inscribed their goods with marks to differentiate them from those of other manufacturers. Ever since merchants have relied on those marks to single their products in the market. However, lack of registration of trademark legislation made it hard for the court to settle claims involving infringement owners right to the goods. The court relied on principles of common law to settle such claims. However, common law re lied on the evidence given by the claimant to prove the right of ownership. Such evidence depended on the reputation the plaintiffs had established in relation to use of the particular mark. We will write a custom essay sample on Commercial Law or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page v. Hill Smith Ltd, patenting is a process in which the proprietor informs interested individuals or organizations about the most distinguishing features of his or her products or services.

Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )

Diagnosing ADHD It is very important to know how to recognize most of the characteristics of ADHD when making a diagnosis. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a real disorder , a real problem and can also be a real obstacle. Most commonly diagnosed in children, It consists of problems with attention span, impulse control, and activity level. In order for a child to be diagnosed with ADHD, they must display at least six symptoms of inattentiveness or hyperactivity and impulsiveness. They must have been displaying theses symptoms for at least six months and have started exhibiting them before age seven. The symptoms must be present in at least two different settings and must make the child s life a little bit more difficult.†¦show more content†¦If a child is diagnosed with ADHD, he or she will consistently exhibit these signs no matter who they are with or where they are. There are also other characteristics to look for such as their social interactions and peer relationships. Some children show disruptive behaviors such as throwing tantrums when they don’t get what they want, yelling and screaming, and hitting. They can be a little nosier than other children, get into trouble a lot and this can make it very difficult to make a lot of friends and be accepted by their peers. Because a lot of different characteristics can be similar to other disorders it is important that a trained professional be the one to actually diagnose the child. Interventions for the classroom Approximately 5 to 7% of all children meet diagnostic criteria for ADHD, implying that on average every classroom will contain a child with ADHD. Most children with this disorder have some of their greatest difficulties in adjusting to the demands of school. Various studies have shown that majority of students with ADHD tend do worse in school than typical children in the same grade. (p.246) When you are at school you are required to sit still, listen quietly, pay attention and so on.This can make it very challenging for a child that has ADHD and can put them at risk of having some academic difficulties, including underachievement, Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd ) DSM-5 Diagnosis Diagnosis: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Additional Information: difficulty in school prior to 12 years old, joint pain, two concussions within the past year. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, otherwise known as ADHD, is â€Å"a disorder marked by inability to focus attention, or overactive and impulsive behavior, or both† (Comer, 2014, p. 530). According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th Edition (DSM-5) an adult must show five or more symptoms of inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity for at least six months that negatively effects daily school or work activities (American Psychiatric Association , 2013). Important to note is that these behaviors must be present in two or more settings or situations. Marcos’ behavior shows symptoms that pertain to combined inattentive hyperactive-impulsive presentation. For inattention Marcos shows symptoms with schoolwork including being easily distracted, making careless mistakes, not following through on instructions and failing to finish work and avoiding tasks that require more mental effort for a long period of time. At home these symptoms manifest as difficulty following through with chores, doing activities that require planning and following through, and he is often forgetful in daily activities. Marcos shows symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsivity including fidgeting and tapping his foot repeatedly and unknowingly. Although his currentShow MoreRelatedAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1710 Words   |  7 Pages Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder or ADHD which is often referred to as childhood hyperactivity, it s a severe and chronic disorder for children. It is one of the most prevalent childhood disorders, and affects 3% to 5% of the school-age population. Boys outnumber girls three or more to one. Children with ADHD can experience many behavioral difficulties that often manifest in the form of inattention, being easily distracted, being impulsive, and hyperactivity. As a result, children withRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1744 Words   |  7 PagesI chose to research Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, otherwise known as ADHD, in culture and child development for the following reasons. First, it is important as educators that we understand the difference between restlessness and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in children. Secondly, we must be conscious of the origins of ADHD, how to recognize it, the myths and prejudices against it, and kn ow the most appropriate intervention strategies. Educators must also realize that evenRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1002 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract There are many disorders that are first diagnosed whether it is during infancy, childhood or adolescence. The disorders range from intellectual disabilities, learning disabilities, communication disorders, all the way through to elimination disorders. Attention-deficit and disruptive disorders are the most common. All including AD/HD, conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and unspecified disruptive disorder. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is one of the most commonRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1495 Words   |  6 Pagesoccasionally forget to do their homework, get fidgety when they lose interest in an activity, or speak out of turn during class time. But inattentiveness, hyperactivity, and impulsivity are all signs of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ADHD is a neuro-development disorder and can start as early as three years old throughout adulthood. People with ADHD have trouble focusing on tasks and activities, this c an have a negative impact on the individual in different ways. It can make the child feelRead MoreAttention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1699 Words   |  7 Pageshas had some difficulty sitting still, paying attention and even controlling impulsive behavior once or twice in our life. For some people, however, the problems that occur slim to none in our life occurs in the lives of theirs every day and interfere with every aspect of their life inclusive of home, academic, social and work. . The interaction of core ADHD symptoms with co-morbid problems and neuropsychological deï ¬ cits suggests that individuals with ADHD are likely to experience problems in academicRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)1259 Words   |  5 PagesAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is the most commonly found disorder in children in the United States. Statistics show that the male to female ratio for children with ADHD is eight to one. 4.4 million Children be tween the ages four to seventeen have diagnosed with ADHD (Cheng Tina L et al.). African American children are at a higher risk for having ADHD. Caucasian children are least likely to have ADHD. 2.5 million children receive medication for ADHD, but African American childrenRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1058 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom disorders such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (or ADHD/ADD.) While much is known about these disorders and how they affect the education of children, there are only a few known methods that consistently help an affected child focus and target in on what they need to learn. Medication for children With Attention Deficit (Hyperactivity) Disorder must be used as an aid to help the affected child to focus and comprehend information being presented to them. Children with Attention DeficitRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1552 Words   |  7 PagesATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER Seth was a second grader at West Elementary. He constantly got reprimanded by his teachers for not paying attention in class. He could not understand the information given to him during the school day. He thought he was stupid and useless. But he was not. His parents got him tested by a doctor for ADHD. He is one of many kids in the United States who have been recognized as having it. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is a major issue in the educationRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )978 Words   |  4 Pagesin diagnoses of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children since the 21st century. Per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention the increase has been seen as a difference from, â€Å"7.8% in 2003 to 9.5% in 2007 and to 11.0% in 2011† (p. 4). Many questions arise concerning why the numbers are on the rise, especially when boys are 7.6 percent more likely than girls to receive the diagnosis of ADHD. When should the line be drawn between a disorder, and hyperactivity that comes withRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd ) Essay700 Words   |  3 PagesWhat is ADHD? Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) affects almost 10% of American children between 13 and 18 years old, as well as 4% of U.S. adults over 18. Only a licensed mental health professional can provide an ADHD diagnosis, after a thorough evaluation. ADHD has three primary characteristics: Inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. Inattentive: Are effortlessly distracted, fail to catch details, are forgetful, and regularly switch activities. Find it difficult to focus Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd ) Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), a neurodevelopmental disorder, is becoming more and more predominant every year throughout the entire world. It is one of the most common disorders that today’s children have. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, â€Å"Rates of ADHD diagnosis increased an average of 3% per year from 1997 to 2006 and an average of approximately 5% per year from 2003 to 2011,† which illustrates that this disorder is becoming a common one to diagnose (CDC, 2015). These percentages prove that ADHD is recognized and treated more than it was a few years ago. Now that children are being diagnosed, doctors, parents, and educators can make the necessary changes to positively affect the child’s daily life. This disorder is thought to have been caused by multiple ways, ranging anywhere from drinking while pregnant to low birth weight. The most common symptoms one might think of are inability to sit still or quiet down, difficulty with others, and lack of focus. These types of symptoms have the potential to cause a major disturbance in a school environment. Not only are they unable to focus on the lessons and grasp the concepts, but also they are disturbing the others around them. This can cause other classmates to become distracted too or it can also cause other students to feel irritated by that particular person with ADHD, even though it is not the child’s fault that they have the symptoms they possess. Realizing that a student hasShow MoreRelatedAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1710 Words   |  7 Pages Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder or ADHD which is often referred to as childhood hyperactivity, it s a severe and chronic disorder for children. It is one of the most prevalent childhood disorders, and affects 3% to 5% of the school-age population. Boys outnumber girls three or more to one. Children with ADHD can experience many behavioral difficulties that often manifest in the form of inattention, being easily distracted, being impulsive, and hyperactivity. As a result, children withRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1744 Words   |  7 PagesI chose to research Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, otherwise known as ADHD, in culture and child development for the following reasons. First, it is important as educators that we understand the difference between restlessness and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in children. Secondly, we must be conscious of the origins of ADHD, how to recognize it, the myths and prejudices against it, and kn ow the most appropriate intervention strategies. Educators must also realize that evenRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1495 Words   |  6 Pagesoccasionally forget to do their homework, get fidgety when they lose interest in an activity, or speak out of turn during class time. But inattentiveness, hyperactivity, and impulsivity are all signs of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ADHD is a neuro-development disorder and can start as early as three years old throughout adulthood. People with ADHD have trouble focusing on tasks and activities, this can have a negative impact on the individual in different ways. It can make the child feelRead MoreAttention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1699 Words   |  7 Pageshas had some difficulty sitting still, paying attention and even controlling impulsive behavior once or twice in our life. For some people, however, the problems that occur slim to none in our life occurs in the lives of theirs every day and interfere with every aspect of their life inclusive of home, academic, social and work. . The interaction of core ADHD symptoms with co-morbid problems and neuropsychological deï ¬ cits suggests that individuals with ADHD are likely to experience problems in academicRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)1259 Words   |  5 PagesAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is the most commonly found disorder in children in the United States. Statistics show that the male to female ratio for children with ADHD is eight to one. 4.4 million Children between the ages four to seventeen have diagnosed with ADHD (Cheng Tina L et al.). African American children are at a higher risk for having ADHD. Caucasian children are least likely to have ADHD. 2.5 million children receive medication for ADHD, but African American childrenRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1002 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract There are many disorders that are first diagnosed whether it is during infancy, childhood or adolescence. The disorders range from intellectual disabilities, learning disabilities, communication disorders, all the way through to elimination disorders. Attention-deficit and disruptive disorders are the most common. All including AD/HD, conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and unspecified disruptive disorder. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is one of the most commonRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1058 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom disorders such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (or ADHD/ADD.) While much is known about these disorders and how they affect the education of children, there are only a few known methods that consistently help an affected child focus and target in on what they need to learn. Medication for children With Attention Deficit (Hyperactivity) Disorder must be used as an aid to help the affected child to focus and comprehend information being presented to them. Children with Attention DeficitRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )978 Words   |  4 Pagesin diagnoses of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children since the 21st century. Per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention the increase has been seen as a difference from, â€Å"7.8% in 2003 to 9.5% in 2007 and to 11.0% in 2011† (p. 4). Many questions arise concerning why the numbers are on the rise, especially when boys are 7.6 percent more likely than girls to receive the diagnosis of ADHD. When should the line be drawn between a disorder, and hyperactivity that comes withRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1552 Words   |  7 PagesATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER Seth was a second grader at West Elementary. He constantly got reprimanded by his teachers for not paying attention in class. He could not understand the information given to him during the school day. He thought he was stupid and useless. But he was not. His parents got him tested by a doctor for ADHD. He is one of many kids in the United States who have been recognized as having it. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is a major issue in the educationRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd ) Essay700 Words   |  3 PagesWhat is ADHD? Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) affects almost 10% of American children between 13 and 18 years old, as well as 4% of U.S. adults over 18. Only a licensed mental health professional can provide an ADHD diagnosis, after a thorough evaluation. ADHD has three primary characteristics: Inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. Inattentive: Are effortlessly distracted, fail to catch details, are forgetful, and regularly switch activities. Find it difficult to focus

Organizational Change Management Cost-Effective Approaches

Question: Describe about the Organizational Change Management for Cost-Effective Approaches. Answer: Introduction This report looks at the problems in the departments of the school and cost-effective approaches to providing high-quality learning experiences for the students in the school. The report also looks at the distribution of tasks within the departments and the competence of those appointed with different tasks in the institution. The report will provide ways in improving ways of integrating the three departments to provide a more united front in tackling issues identified. The report also introduces the idea of creating a new undergraduate degree program that combines economics with inputs from the other two departments. This report will provide a budget plan that will eliminate the school deficit and improve the schools research performance. Case Background The business school was created three years ago as the outcome of a university-wide exercise to restructure the university to improve the overall ranking of the university. Three departments were joined to form the business school namely; Economics, the Accounting and Finance and Management Studies. The head of the Department of Economics was replaced just four weeks ago. The Economics department has the least number of staff followed by the Accounting and Finance department and finally the Management Studies Department. The Economics department also has the least overall number of students followed by the Accounting and Finance department and then the Management Studies Department which has the highest number of students. The overall annual deficit is $192K most of which is contributed by the Economics Department which has a deficit of $750K. The largest surplus contributor is the Management Studies Department which has a surplus of $636K. The Accounting and Finance department has t he highest number of research active staff even with international reputations whereas the Economics department has the least with a staggering 2 being the only ones recognized as research active. The biggest receiver of external research grants in terms of total annual value is the Management Studies Department although the Accounting and Finance department is the one with the largest number of granters. Analysis Problem identification The report shall begin by identifying the problems in each of the three departments in the school. The first case study shall be the school of Economics. The school is plagued with some problems. The members have an unrealistically high opinion of themselves. The reputation they had was built by distinguished scholars most of whom either retired or moved on. The remaining long-serving members are now old and less productive. A high proportion of the staff has been promoted to senior grades regardless of the fact that only two members of the entire staff have retained an international reputation in their field (Cummings and Worley, 2014). Problem Analysis and Justification The department did little to prepare for the universitys teaching quality and student support review and contributed to the business schools poor overall score in the review. They relied on their long-established informal practices for managing teaching and student affairs which did not meet quality assurance requirements. Their poor score killed the other two departments morale. The numbers enrolled in the Master's degree have constantly dropped for the past years from 15 to only 8 in the current session. The department also has the lowest number of students in the undergraduate program. Research-wise, the department also had only 2 out of 7 have a strong record of publishing in top rank international journals. The second department is the Accounting and Finance department. The contact between the staff in this department and those in other parts of the business school is relatively little. Regarding research and teaching, this department is doing well therefore the problem we will majorly be addressing here is the inter-departmental relationship. The third department is the Management Studies Department which is the largest of the three departments. It also includes three sub-divisions; marketing, organization behavior and operations management. The staff is generally being demotivated by the feeling their success is being exploited by the rest of the business school to manage the deficit created by the Economics department and to fund new appointments in Accounting and Finance. Regarding research, some of the staff members are motivated and competent but due to the time they have to devote to teaching, they have insufficient time to publish all of their work. Solutions The Kurt Lewins change model begins with unfreezing an organization (Ben, Dunphy, and Griffiths, 2014). This involves reducing/stopping the maintenance of the current situation. It involves changing the existing mind set and showing people the need for change. (Mitchell, 2013). This is usually done by presenting a provocative problem to the people to show them how urgent the need for change is. The key to this step of unfreezing is communication (Burnes and Cooke, 2013) Unfreezing The Economics department staff members need to be shown that at the current annual deficit to income rate, the department will drive the university into a financial situation that could take years to recover from. Furthermore, they need to see that the only way the enrollment number into the Undergraduate, Masters and Doctoral programs will increase is if the members increase their performance in research and gain recognition by other economists. Their current disregard to procedure and the university's approach to quality assurance is also a trend that can no longer continue. Their current teaching practices have proven ineffective and could be the cause of dwindling numbers in the enrollment numbers in the Master's department. The Accounting and Finance department members need to be shown that without their cooperation with staff members from the other departments in the school, the overall performance of the school will remain stagnant. The Management Studies department staff should be made to realize that if they are the only ones able to manage the deficit generated by the Economics department, they will be burnt out and therefore need to share their skill and expertise among the member staff of the other two departments to be at the same pace. They also need to realize that as long as the other departments are lagging behind, there should be no reason to get excited about their achievements since they will be ranked as an entire business school and not a department. This will help them see the need to work as one unit with a united front. Lines of communication between staff members and organizational heads need to remain open and honest to create a sense of trust and security in all those involved with the proposed change (Shirey, 2013). Round table discussions need to be held in individual departments and also between the major stakeholders and departmental heads to tease out the restraining forces that have to be overcome (Jones, 2010). The restraining forces in this case might be the older staff members who might insist on the maintenance of the old methods due to the safety it provides. Another restraining force would be the lack of trust among members of different departments (Manchester et al., 2013) Implementation Transitioning In this stage, new behaviors and attitudes are developed through organizational structure and process changes (Bamberg, 2013). There may be a period in which a lot of confusion will emerge. The process can be long and it takes time for people to feel comfortable and start taking actions that support the change (Thomas, Sargent and Hardy, 2011). First of all, the Economics department needs to reduce the amount of salary that is paid to the staff considering that its staff is the most highly paid (see below figures), but the lowest performing. 1030/10=103 $K (Per staff member in Economics department) 1176/14=84 $K (Per staff member in the Accounting and Finance department) 1344/16=84 $K (Per staff member in the Management Studies Department) This means that the Economics department staff are paid 22.6% more than the staff in the other two departments (see below figures). 103-84=19 (19/84)*100% =22.6% The salaries should be rationalized and standardized so that they are paid equally as the rest of the staff. Those promoted to senior grades will be compensated by other methods for example having their research funded by some of the money from the grants. This therefore means that the total salary bill for the Economics department will decrease to 840 $K and the new total costs will be 1040 $K (See figures below). 84 * 10 = 840 $K 840 + 200 = 1040 $K The remaining six long-serving members should be allowed to retire and let younger and more proactive members join the team. The new team will be at an even better position to take up the universitys approach to quality assurance. There should be a University based award introduced to appreciate the research done by the staff that receives top international ranking and recognition (Fallik, 2013). This will in turn motivate the members of the Economics staff to increase their aggressiveness towards research. These changes should see the number of enrollment in the Undergraduate program increase from 82 to around 150 next year. The number of enrollment in the Master's program is also set to increase to around 12 whereas the Doctoral is set to increase to about 5. The total enrollment number will be at 167 which is 85% more than the previous. This will then increase the total departmental income by 85% too (see figures below). 82+8=90 150+12+5=167 (167-90)/90 * 100% = 85% This will therefore increase the total departmental income minus research grants to 888 $K which will effectively change the surplus-deficit to 152 $K which is a decrease of the surplus-deficit by 79.7 %. 185/100 * 480=888 1040 888 =152 $K 750 152 = 598 (598/750)/750 * 100 = 79.7% An inter-departmental meeting should be held on a weekly basis to keep the staff members at par with the vision. In this meeting, a report should be given by each of the departments on the progress towards the mission. Here, the staff is meant to motivate each other and learn from each other. The Management Studies department being the most successful should share tips on how to stay focused and assist in the implementation of the plans (Palmer, Dunford and Akin, 2009). Cost effective methods of providing high-quality learning experiences such as e-learning should be introduced. An example of this would be to provide certain journals on e-learning cites accessible to all students rather than make printouts and thousands of copies which are only necessary for a short period. The roles of admissions, examining, timetabling and other aspects of teaching administration should be equally assigned to the support staff. These roles shall be handed over from the members of the staff and a training period of one week dedicated to passing over the roles to the support staff (Ruona and Choi, 2010). Lastly, it would be a good idea to create a new degree program that combines economics with inputs from the other two departments. A market analysis will have to be done to know the demand and requirements for the sustenance of such a program (Crawford and Nahmias, 2011). Also, research should be done on the credibility or accreditation possibility of such a course by the relevant government bodies that deal with the legality of such matters. Freezing Once the structures and strategies seem okay, efforts turn into locking them in (Oreg, Vakola, and Armenakis). This can be achieved by creating a reward system to motivate the members to stick to the new values and plans (Sherer and Spillane, 2011). Regular review meetings are to be held with the new staff support and the department heads and major stakeholders including those who hold posts crucial to the long-term implementation of the changes (Graetz and Smith, 2010). The training of certain groups such as the support staff and the Economics and the Accounting and Finance by Management Studies on the areas they excelled in should be maintained and the mentors to oversee that the necessary skills have been acquired (Griffin and Moorhead, 2011). Conclusion Clearly, there is a lot of effort and work required to change the current situation of the school and not only clear the annual deficit but generate enough income to create a profit margin for development. However, with the strategies and projections discussed in this report, the school should experience a net growth of around 80% in the next few years and clear all outstanding balances. It is however imperative that the determination and morale to effect the change be constant throughout the process. Recommendations Rationalize salaries with keen interest in the Economics department. Hold inter-departmental meetings. Employ younger and more proactive members to the Economics department. Encourage publishing of research by staff to increase recognition as a University and encourage larger enrollment numbers. References Bamberg, S. (2013). Changing environmentally harmful behaviors: A stage model of self- regulated behavioral change.Journal of Environmental Psychology,34, 151-159. Burnes, B., Cooke, B. (2013). Kurt Lewin's Field Theory: A Review and Re?evaluation.International journal of management reviews,15(4), 408-425. Choi, M., Ruona, W. E. (2010). Individual readiness for organizational change and its implications for human resource and organization development.Human Resource Development Review, 1534484310384957. Crawford, L., Nahmias, A. H. (2010). Competencies for managing change.International journal of project management,28(4), 405-412. Cummings, T. G., Worley, C. G. (2014).Organization development and change. Cengage learning. Fallik, F. (2013).Managing organizational change. Routledge. Graetz, F., Smith, A. C. (2010). Managing organizational change: A philosophies of change approach.Journal of change management,10(2), 135-154. Griffin, R. W., Moorhead, G. (2011).Organizational behavior. Nelson Education. Jones, G. R. (2010).Organizational theory, design, and change. Upper Saddle River: Pearson. Manchester, J., Gray-Miceli, D. L., Metcalf, J. A., Paolini, C. A., Napier, A. H., Coogle, C. L., Owens, M. G. (2014). Facilitating Lewin's change model with collaborative evaluation in promoting evidence-based practices of health professionals. Evaluation and program planning,47, 82-90. Mitchell, G. (2013). Selecting the best theory to implement planned change: Improving the workplace requires staff to be involved and innovations to be maintained. Gary Mitchell discusses the theories that can help achieve this.Nursing Management,20(1), 32-37. Oreg, S., Vakola, M., Armenakis, A. (2011). Change recipients reactions to organizational change A 60-year review of quantitative studies.The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science,47(4), 461-524. Palmer, I., Dunford, R., Akin, G. (2009).Managing organizational change: A multiple perspectives approach. New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Sherer, J. Z., Spillane, J. (2011). Constancy and Change in Work Practice in Schools: The R ole of Organizational Routines.Teachers College Record,113(3), 611-657. Shirey, M. R. (2013). Lewins theory of planned change as a strategic resource.Journal of Nursing Administration,43(2), 69-72. Thomas, R., Sargent, L. D., Hardy, C. (2011). Managing organizational change: Negotiating meaning and power-resistance relations.Organization Science,22(1), 22-41.

Research into the future of work Essay Example

Research into the future of work Essay In order to construct this portfolio on the future of work the researcher will firstly examine the understanding of work as it once was. This will be an academic piece of work based upon authors and their literature that illustrates their thoughts and their visions and their theories about the future of work. Some of the modern workforce will still work all the hours they can, they will combine all their leisure life around their working life and find their vacation time in their job. Many other workers will end up with portfolios of work, a mixture of jobs, marginal work and gift work ethics. These facts are due to changes to the working environment that was affected by the political climate of the mid 80s, that had been dominated by the new right social economical theories of the Thatcherism period one nation Tory one nation. This concept was acknowledged and reported by researchers Bell and Weber and they likened this policy to that of the Victorian concept of values of hard work, though it reality it is not known whether the Victorian workers shared this enthusiasm for labour. We will write a custom essay sample on Research into the future of work specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research into the future of work specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research into the future of work specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Since the 2nd World war there has been a time of stability with a financial boom stretching for nearly thirty years. The labour market delivered unprecedented numbers of people from poverty. With few skills or credentials, workers could nevertheless find steady, unionised jobs in growing industries but such jobs are now increasingly rare. Since those heady times the Macro economic retrenchment beginning in the 1970s and successive rounds of industrial restructuring have reshaped the nature of work particularly for those with limited skills. Many traditional lines of unskilled labour have become obsolete or uncompetitive in the face of new technology and the import of cheaper goods due to foreign labour performing manufacture in 3rd World countries; this is due to lower labour costs in these poorer countries. New jobs have been created in abundance in some sectors, for instance Information technology but few of these offers less educated workers a realistic reliable route out of poverty. The world of work has changed dramatically over the past decade, perhaps more than any other decade of this century. Companies are both downsizing and expanding (often at the same time in different divisions or levels of the hierarchy). The researcher has found that the workforce is characterised by increased diversity with highly divergent needs and demands. Ever increasing upgrades as information technology has frequently changed both the manner and location of work activities. New organisational forms (such as those found in e-commerce) are now commonplace; teams are redefining the notion of hierarchy, as well as traditional power distributions; the use of contingent workers is on the rise. Globalisation and the challenges of managing across borders are now the norm instead of the exception. All of these changes can have a profound influence on how companies attempt to motivate their employees. Also the researcher agrees with Handy (1985) who suggested that contrary to popular impression, part time work appear to an increasing in Britain, as does self-employment. In fact Margaret Thatcher the ex prime minister, encouraged the growth of smaller units of self-employed people. Handy also suggests that people are employed more in more part time employment than ever before, whilst those in self-employment tend to work a lot of overtime to earn more money. The researcher suggests that now there is no such thing as a nine to five working day five days a week. Handy also describes part time work as if the country cannot give every one a job for life, would it be preferable to give every one a job for part of their lives rather than not at all. (Handy 1985:3) According to (Gorz 1999, translated by Turner) the labour force in Britain and throughout the world can be classified into two major categories: a major core of permanent and full time employees. The former are occupationally versatile mobile workers and around that core, a sizeable mass of peripheral workers, including a substantial proportional of insecure and temporary workers with variable and unsociable hours and poor wages. He also says that portion of outworkers of which are supposed to be known as self-employed operatives are paid on a seasonal basis or on a piece of work system that normally is unfair to the worker. In 1986, Wolfgang Lecher predicted that the proportion of stable full time jobs would fall 50% within ten years. Today according to Lecher In Britain 95% of new jobs are insecure. In conclusion the researcher believes that people today still have to work long hours to survive and the world of work is getting ever more competitive and unfortunately good jobs are becoming few and far between. The researcher argues that the term a job for life is no longer the case. He also suggests that it could be due to the growth of Information Technology and this argument is backed by Charles Handy who said we do not have hands into todays organisations (Thomson 1998,p1). People can work from home by downloading via telephone points to the head office computer and in return receive new instructions for the following days work load. The researcher also suggests cheaper employment in nations such as Asia has also damaged jobs in Britain. The future of work Part two This session Self and organisation is all about how and why the researcher is able to cope in the organisation, looking at the roles and procedures of the employment. The researcher will try to examine if the job role fits in with his values and how they fit. The researcher will attempt to use theories and models of organisational culture to support these views. For the case study for the second part of the research assignment, I intend to look at my own place of work and what we do as an organisation. [emailprotected] is the Liverpool F.C. study support centre. For the last eighteen months the researcher has worked for organisations as a student mentor at both at Liverpool Football Club (LFC) and Lancashire County Cricket Club (LCCC) aimed at assisting special needs children both as a volunteer and in a paid capacity. The researcher specialises in working with children with physical and learning difficulties (see appendix). The work that the researcher does brings great self-satisfaction, to the researcher as well as the young people whom the researcher mentors. The researcher would cite Burnes who said, Organisational culture is a prime determinant of organisational performance (Burnes 2000). As with any group or collection of people, the children are motivated and influenced by the cultural norms that the mentor and location provide. The researcher would suggest sporting facilitates such as those at LFC and LCCC do provide a culture of which the children are highly motivated to learn in the presents of their sporting heroes. Literacy is one of five major strands of initiative known as Playing for success. David Blunkett, then Secretary of state for education and employment, said in the first PFS yearbook (2000) (see appendix) Playing for success combines two of my passions, education and football. The scheme is designed in helping thousands of young people to improve their literacy, numerically and ICT skills. It shows just how powerful a tool football can be in helping to raise standardsand how far the initiative has come from what was an idea in 1997. There are now centres in the top football clubs in the country helping pupils to improve the key skills by using football as an imaginative way of engaging and motivating young people. The researcher works with the children and helps them both individually and in small groups to focus on improving numerical and ICT skills as well as helping the pupils improve their self-esteem and acquire independent learning skills. Improvements in these areas are taken back into the school environment and help pupils with subjects across the whole of the curriculum. The researcher has found literature and a theory which does support this view with the case study in that Senge (1990) argues that a leaders role in an learning organisation is that of a designer, teacher, and steward who can be build a shared vision and challenge prevailing mental models. In the researchers case it could be said that he has the responsibility for young people by continually helping expanding their capabilities to shape their future that is, leaders are responsible for learning. The researcher has the experience of school children who have been set tasks by a teacher, which could then be met by an initial response by the pupil of cant do it, and this has led children in and around the local area with a lack of self-belief. It is the researcher job as the mentor to try and help the children to be motivated and to belief that they as individuals can do the tasks that they are set and not to adopt this negative attitude. The researcher has the belief that the culture of the Liverpool centre does have a positive culture to bring the best out of the children. A pattern of basic assumptions invented, discovered, or developed by a given group as it learns to cope with its problems of external adaptation and internal integration that has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems (Schein, 1985, p9) The researcher suggests that a good mentor is someone who seems interested in what youre saying. Your problems might seem really minor to them because they are older and probably they have experienced bigger problems but they act in a thoughtful manner in order to solve the problems. (Batty et el 1998) Pupil to pupil mentoring can also in the researchers view and experience help overcome bullying. Through personal experience the researcher has used his role as a mentor to encourage pupils in their self-belief, gain more confidence and become socially acceptability. The researcher believes that the positive learning culture such as the one at process is greatly enhanced if the environment is conducive to positive learning. A strong culture such as at LFC has a much greater potential for implicit co-ordination and control of behaviour. A strong culture with well-socialised members improves effectiveness because it facilitates the exchange of information and the co-ordination of behaviour. Schein (1985:60) emphasises that culture usually consists of collective behaviours responses that have proven to be adaptive in the particular social organisations. The relationship between organisational culture and effective can only be placed on interactive characteristics of organisations the system of norms, beliefs and behaviour that forms the core of an organisation. This would be a true contribution to an organisation ultimate effectiveness. An integral part of this process is the demeanours of the study supporters and of course the physical environment of the centre. The motivational power of the club should never be underestimated as asking pupils to do extra work after school is never likely to be a popular concept unless there are suitable incentives and allowing pupils the opportunity to learn at Liverpool Football Club is a powerful attraction. Unlike in schools there is no prescriptive curriculum for study support so the centre is fortunate that it can be flexible in the approach of delivery of learning experiences. The researcher believes in the gaining variable experience in this organisation for one of the nicest professions in working with children with special needs and physical disabilities. The researcher wishes to cite the following. Learning to teach, as well as we all know but often fail to remember, is a complex bewildering and sometimes painful task. It involves developing a practical knowledge base, changes in cognition developing interpersonal skills and also incorporates an affect aspect. (Maynard Furlong (1994, p69) Roles, Relationships and the structure of work In addition to helping children to improve academically, the researchers role of mentor helps pupils improve their self-esteem and acquire independent learning skills. The period of mentoring take place every twelve weeks and during that time a marked improvement was seen in their interpersonal skills. Improvements in these areas are taken back into the school environment and help pupils with subjects across the whole of the curriculum. Senge supports this theory and argues that a leader role in a learning organisation is that of a designer, teacher, and steward who can build a shared vision and challenge prevailing mental models (1990). In [emailprotected]s case it could be argued that it is responsible for young people who will thereafter continually expand their capabilities to shape their future that is to say that the leaders/mentors are responsible for learning. The researcher has had the experience of dealing with school children that have been identified by their teachers as children who under perform and this has left children in and around the local area with a lack of self-belief. This self-belief is not endemic within the culture of the Liverpool centre as the opposite applies in as far as a positive culture reigns in order to bring the best out of the children. The prospect of learning at a football club entices and excites the pupils due to the phenomenal impact of football. It also helps challenge their perceptions of learning, which is usually perceived as, centred on the comparatively reserved confines of school. Therefore attending study sessions at a football club, with the high-tech resources, regardless of Whether or not the pupils are football fans, because it extends their experiences of learning, just by virtue of the location. The benefits to the pupils who attend have been monitored and measured with literacy and numeric test results show that students are really progressing because of the scheme. This is very pleasing for me as however, there are many more inspirational results that are more difficult to measure. These results are the increased confidence, the creativity, the willingness to learn and the hunger to do better, to succeed, that Playing for Success seems to breathe into the pupils. The researcher, suggest this is due to the schemes ethos of empowering the young pupils. Responding to their needs and interests, raising their self-confidence by showing respect and encouraging individuality. The football club attracts the pupils initially and projects a message that learning new skills can be done through many subjects, but they develop best in those subjects that interest and inspire the learner the most. The researcher as a mentor has the duty of been there for the child wether on a one to one or as a group exercise is there for the attention of those person. One way that the researcher introduces and portrays himself is in the way of his say I am here to help you, however he order for me to help you, you in turn have to help me (Mark Bradley 2001) It makes the students we have an understanding and it does start to form a good partnership just like in a place of work or organisation.